改良乙状窦后入路
Themodifiedretrosigmoidapproach:ahowIdoit
手术相关解剖学
Relevantsurgicalanatomy
手术治疗后颅窝及脑干血管或组织病变极具挑战性。传统乙状窦后入路显露有限,而根治性颅底入路(经岩骨入路、远外侧入路)技术难度大,并发症发生率高。改良乙状窦后入路在于改良的乙状窦后开颅和有限的乙状窦暴露。
Thesurgicalmanagementofposteriorfossaandbrainstemvascularortissularlesionsischallenging.Thetraditionalretrosigmoid(RS)approachprovideslimitedexposure,whileradicalskullbaseapproaches(transpetrosalapproaches,farlateralapproach)aredemandingandassociatedwithahighmorbidityrate.Themodifiedretrosigmoid(MRS)approachconsistsinamodifiedRScraniotomyandalimitedexposureofthesigmoidsinus(SS).
改良乙状窦后入路可以自延髓腹外侧面(齿状韧带水平)至双侧椎动脉汇合成基底动脉处显露同侧椎动脉第四段(硬膜内段),能够自小脑后下动脉起点至后组颅神经根部显露小脑后下动脉第一段和第二段(延髓前段和延髓外段)。颅神经的显露起自三叉神经直至舌下神经(图1a)。
TheMRSexposesthefourthsegmentoftheipsilateralvertebralartery(VA)(intra-duralsegment),fromthelowerlateralsurfaceofthemedulla,atthelevelofthedentateligament,tothevertebrobasilarjunctionwhereitjoinsthecontralateralVA.TheMRSgivesaccesstothefirstandsecondsegments(anteriorandlateralmedullarysegments)ofthePICA,fromitsorigintotherootletsofthelowerCNs.TheCNsareexposedfromthetrigeminaltothehypoglossalnerve(Fig.1a).
就改良乙状窦后入路而言,Lawton所描述的手术解剖三角是自然而然的工作窗口,大多数椎动脉远端、椎基底动脉移行部及小脑后下动脉近端的血管病变都可以经其显露。迷走神经副神经三角被精确地定义为外侧的迷走神经、副神经与内侧的延髓之间的区域,进而又借助舌下神经被细分为两个更小的三角:舌下神经上三角(迷走神经、副神经与舌下神经之间的区域)和舌下神经下三角(副神经、舌下神经与延髓之间的区域)(图1b)。
MostofthedistalVA,vertebrobasilarjunction,andproximalPICAvascularlesionsareaccessedthroughsurgicalanatomicaltrianglesasdescribedbyLawton,whicharethenaturalworkingwindowfortheMRS.Thevagoaccessorytriangleisdefinedsuperiorlybythevagusnerve,theaccessorynervelaterally,andthemedullamedially.Itissub-dividedintotwosmallertrianglesbythehypoglossalnerve:thesupra-(theareabetweenCNsX,XI,andXII)andinfra-(betweenCNsXI,XIIandthemedulla)hypoglossaltriangles(Fig.1b).
技术说明
Descriptionofthetechnique
患者体位和准备:(图2a)
Patientpositioningandpreparation
Fig.2a)
患者取健侧卧位,胸部下方垫枕。头部置于马蹄形头枕中,呈中立位,略屈曲,使患侧乳突尖位于手术野的最高点。患侧肩部肩带固定,以增加工作空间。术者站立于其头部和耳廓后方。
Thepatientisinstalledinalateralpositiontowardtheoppositeside;abolsterisplacedunderthethorax.Theheadisplacedinahorseshoeheadrest,inaneutralpositionandslightlyflexedsuchasthattheipsilateralmastoidtipisthehighestpointintheoperativefield.Theipsilateralshoulderistapeddowntoincreasetheworkingspace.Thesurgeonstandsbehindtheheadandthepinna.
软组织游离:(图2b)
Softtissuesdissection
Fig.2b)
行皮肤直切口,起自耳廓上1cm,止于乳突尖下缘水平,长约8cm。皮肤切开直达帽状腱膜及其下的颅骨骨膜,使用单极电刀自颅骨上游离肌肉和深筋膜,并将其牵向前方。自乳突上游离胸锁乳突肌,并将其牵向下方。彻底显露前部的乳突外表面,以及自上方的星点至下方的二腹肌沟和枕骨大孔之间的枕骨鳞部。
Astraight8-cmskinincisioniscarriedout,starting1cmabovethepinnaandendingupatthelevelofthemastoidtipinferiorly.Thisskinincisionspansthegaleaandtheunderlyingpericranium.Themusclesanddeepfasciaareelevatedfromthebonewithamonopolarsectionandretractedanteriorly.Thesternocleidomastoidmuscleisdetachedfromthemastoidandmobilizeddownward.Theoutersurfaceofthemastoidprocessanteriorlyandthesquamouspartoftheoccipitalbone,fromtheasterionsuperiorlytothedigastricgrooveandforamenmagnuminferiorly,arefullyexposed.
开颅术——骨瓣:(图2d)
Craniotomy—boneflap
Fig.2d)
星点上下钻孔,于骨孔处显露乙状窦硬膜。自乙状窦边缘开始朝向中央部,沿枕下颅骨内板分离硬膜,以避免撕裂乙状窦。切除骨瓣,大小约3.5-4cm。肌皮瓣外侧部呈直线行,中央部呈弧形。
Oneburrholeisperformedunderandbelowtheasterion.ThisburrholeexposestheduraoftheSS.Theduraisdetachedfromtheinnertableofthesuboccipitalbone,startingfromthesinussidetowardthecenterinordertoavoidtearingofthesinus.A3.5-to4-cmboneflapiscut.Theshapeoftheflapisstraightlaterallyandcurvedmedially.
然后,术者使用6mm切割钻头,在大量冲水的前提下,逐渐磨除遮挡在乙状窦后1/3的乳突气房,长度达3cm以上。像握笔一样握住钻头,并且与需磨除的结构呈切线位。强烈推荐在乙状窦上方保留薄层致密骨质,以避免可能发生的乙状窦撕裂。随后,使用锋利的解剖器将其移除。
Thesurgeonisthenequippedwitha6-mmcuttingburrandgraduallyshavesthemastoidaircellscoveringtheposteriorthirdovera3-cmlengthoftheSS,undercopiousirrigation.Thedrillisheldlikeapenandorientedtangentiallytothestructuresthatmustbeshaved.Itisstronglyre